Review links synthetic sweeteners to potential hormonal, metabolic, and gut microbiota disruptions, despite perceived safety.

The global rise in obesity and diabetes has driven increased consumption of synthetic sweeteners as low-calorie sugar substitutes, aiming for weight management and glycemic control. Despite their widespread use in beverages, processed foods, and pharmaceuticals, concerns persist regarding their long-term health effects. This review addresses the gap in understanding how these compounds interact with key biological systems, particularly regarding metabolic health and gut microbiota integrity, which are crucial for overall well-being.

Researchers conducted a comprehensive literature review by searching multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search aimed to identify studies relevant to synthetic sweeteners and human health, focusing on their regulation, impact on vulnerable populations, and effects on metabolic, gut microbiota, neurological, and behavioral systems. This systematic approach synthesized existing evidence to provide an overview of current knowledge and identify areas requiring further investigation.

While generally considered safe, artificial sweeteners are linked to potential influences on hormonal responses, specifically affecting glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion. They also show effects on gut microbiota composition and glucose metabolism. However, the review highlights significant inconsistencies regarding the impact of artificial sweeteners on vulnerable populations, as well as their specific effects on the human gut microbiota, neurological behavior, and endocrine systems. The evidence base for these effects remains limited, prompting calls for more rigorous research.

The results reveal inconsistencies of the impact of artificial sweeteners on vulnerable populations, as well as their effects on the human gut microbiota, neurological behavior and endocrine effects and evidence remain limited.