Left atrial stiffness, NT-proBNP, GDF-15, and exercise intolerance predict adverse outcomes in HFpEF patients

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a highly complex and increasingly prevalent condition, accounting for a significant portion of heart failure cases. Despite its growing burden, effective therapeutic options for HFpEF remain limited, leading to substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. A critical gap exists in identifying patients at highest risk for adverse events, as current prognostic tools are often insufficient. This study addresses this need by exploring novel combinations of mechanical, functional, and biochemical markers to improve risk stratification in HFpEF.