LL-37 Purity: 252 Lab Tests Across 139 Identified Manufacturers
159 studies on LL-37 curated from PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and EuropePMC. Updated daily.
Bottom line: TitrateLab currently tracks 252 published third-party lab tests of LL-37 across 139 identified manufacturers. Among reports with a positive numeric purity result, the average is 99.61%. Within this published corpus, 0 positive purity results were below 90%, and 2 reports showed measured quantity more than 10% below the label claim. These are batch-level observations, not guarantees of product identity, safety, or vendor quality.
LL-37 average prices
As of 2026-09-03, vendor-blind retail asking-price averages for the US delivery market, calculated from the same in-stock exact-strength cells as the Peptide Price Index. Shipping is excluded.
| Strength | Average / vial | Observed range / vial | Average / mg | Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 mg | $12.75 | $12.50–$13.00 | $2.55 | 2 sources · 2 offers |
| 10 mg | $19.50 | $19.50–$19.50 | $1.95 | 1 source · 1 offer |
Asking prices are not manufacturing cost and do not establish product equivalence, quality, safety, or legality. The refresh date is the catalog build date; individual source observation dates are not available in this snapshot. View full price methodology →
We tested 252 LL-37 batches across 139 identified manufacturers
Independent certificate-of-analysis evidence from third-party labs — the data behind the studies. Updated as new COAs are verified. Read the full grey-market analysis →
Within that total, 43 batches have unresolved manufacturer identity. They remain in corpus-level lab evidence and are excluded from named-manufacturer rankings.
Top 3 vendor evidence profiles for LL-37
Eligible vendors have at least 2 deduplicated tests and 2 classifiable identity observations. Rank uses the 95% lower confidence bound on clean identity results; mean positive purity and test count break ties. Missing measurements are not passes. Exact-zero/not-detected and explicit wrong-compound markers count once per adverse certificate. This describes tested batches, not every product or shipment, and is not an endorsement.
| Rank | Manufacturer | Tests | Avg positive purity | Identity adverse results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | 10 | 99.85% | 0 of 8 (0.0%) 0 0% / not detected · 0 wrong compound · 2 unclassified | Reveal with Pro → | |
| #2 | 7 | 99.78% | 0 of 7 (0.0%) 0 0% / not detected · 0 wrong compound | Reveal with Pro → | |
| #3 | 7 | 99.75% | 0 of 7 (0.0%) 0 0% / not detected · 0 wrong compound | Reveal with Pro → |
Manufacturer identities are included with Pro. Batch counts and lab measurements remain visible.
Recent certificates: #100105 (99.09%) · #94815 (99.56%) · #99286 (99.06%) · #86047 (99.88%) · #91714 (99.35%) · #93291 (99.89%)
LL-37 studies and clinical research
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Human cathelicidin LL-37's interaction with β-amyloid shifts from protective to neurotoxic in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis
**This review fundamentally shifts our understanding of AD pathogenesis by highlighting the dual nature of Aβ and LL-37 as both protective immune agents and drivers of neurodegeneration.** For peptide users and resear…
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Vitamin D levels modulate LL-37, influencing UTI frequency and reflux nephropathy in VUR children.
This study highlights that **optimizing Vitamin D status could be a simple, non-invasive strategy to potentially reduce UTI frequency and mitigate reflux nephropathy progression in children with VUR.** The strong corr…
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Synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) reprogram THP-1 macrophages towards anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype
**This research introduces a novel class of synthetic AMPs capable of both antimicrobial action and immune reprogramming**, offering a significant advancement for managing inflammatory conditions and infections. For b…
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Vitamin D deficiency strongly linked to increased sepsis risk and mortality in umbrella review
This umbrella review reinforces the critical importance of **vitamin D status** in **sepsis** outcomes, suggesting that maintaining adequate levels could be a modifiable factor to improve prognosis. For clinicians, it…
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532nm KTP Long Pulse Laser Improves Facial Rosacea Erythema and Telangiectasia in Clinical Practice
The 532nm KTP long pulse laser effectively treats facial rosacea, reducing erythema and telangiectasia with favorable tolerability.
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Vitamin D-AMP Axis Enhances Host Defense Against Invasive Fungal Infections
This review clarifies the critical role of **Vitamin D** in innate immunity against fungal infections, shifting focus from direct antifungal use to its immunomodulatory potential. **Maintaining optimal Vitamin D level…
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Rosacea Pathogenesis Linked to Neurohormonal-Immune Dysregulation Across Skin-Gut-Brain Axis
This comprehensive review fundamentally shifts the understanding of rosacea from a localized skin issue to a **systemic disease** mediated by the **skin-gut-brain axis**. For clinicians and biohackers, this implies th…
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Atopic Dermatitis and Rosacea Exhibit Unexpected Convergences in Pathogenesis and Comorbidities
Understanding the mechanistic overlaps between **atopic dermatitis** and **rosacea** could revolutionize therapeutic strategies, moving beyond disease-specific treatments towards shared, mechanism-targeted interventio…
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Lactobacillus helveticus LH76 safely increases IgM and C3, enriches Blautia and Bifidobacterium in healthy adults
This study provides robust evidence for the safety and specific immunomodulatory effects of **Lactobacillus helveticus LH76**, moving it closer to potential clinical application. **The clear safety profile and demonst…
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Designed LL-37 derived peptides P3, A5ζ, and A4η show strong KatG binding affinity in computational models
This study offers a promising computational approach for developing new **antimicrobial peptides** to combat **drug-resistant tuberculosis**. By targeting `KatG`, these peptides could potentially circumvent existing *…
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Bifidobacterium lactis XLTG11 reduces eczema and pneumonia incidence in infants and young children
This study provides strong evidence that **Bifidobacterium lactis XLTG11 can be a safe and effective strategy to reduce the risk of eczema and respiratory infections in infants and young children**. For parents and pe…
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LL-37 IgG levels link to prior MI, reduced LVEF, and altered T cells in ACS
Identifying **LL-37** IgG as a potential biomarker for **ACS** could significantly enhance risk stratification, especially for patients prone to recurrent **myocardial infarction** or those with compromised cardiac fu…
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Multimodal-energy piezoelectric platforms emerge as intelligent, non-antibiotic strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance and biofilms
This conceptual framework for intelligent multimodal-energy piezoelectric platforms represents a significant paradigm shift from conventional antibiotic-dependent strategies. **It offers a promising non-antibiotic alt…
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LL-37 and ATRA-1 induce distinct lipidome remodeling in S. aureus, altering membrane biophysics
Understanding how **Staphylococcus aureus** remodels its membrane lipids in response to specific antimicrobial peptides is crucial for designing more effective **AMP-based therapies**. This research highlights that a …
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Salivary Histatin-5 Depletion and hBD-2 Elevation Consistently Linked to Severe Dental Caries and ECC
Identifying specific salivary AMPs like **histatin-5** and **hBD-2** as reliable biomarkers could revolutionize early detection and risk assessment for **dental caries** and **ECC**. This offers a non-invasive method …
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Salivary Innate Immune Peptides Correlate with Lower Dental Caries Experience in Young Adults
**Salivary antimicrobial peptides represent promising non-invasive biomarkers for enhanced dental caries risk assessment and personalized preventive strategies.** This finding suggests that evaluating AMP levels could…
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Vitamin D acts as a cellular endocrine system with tissue-specific microcircuits, immune reprogramming, and metabolic resistance
**Rethinking vitamin D supplementation strategies is crucial.** This review suggests that simply raising systemic **25(OH)D** might not be sufficient if local tissue synthesis or cellular responsiveness is impaired. F…
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate promotes intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTM growth by modulating innate immunity
This research provides crucial mechanistic insight into how **mucoid P. aeruginosa**, through its alginate component, can exacerbate **tuberculosis** progression in individuals with **pulmonary dysbiosis**. For clinic…
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Review Highlights Vitamin D's Immunomodulatory and Bone-Protective Mechanisms in Osteoarticular Tuberculosis, Urging Targeted RCTs
This review underscores the **critical need for OATB-specific clinical trials** to validate **Vitamin D's** adjunctive role in bone repair and functional recovery. Current evidence, largely from pulmonary tuberculosis…
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Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides Bind Bacterial Acyl Carrier Proteins' Helix II, Proposing a Fatty Acid Synthesis Blockade
This research identifies bacterial **acyl carrier proteins (ACPs)**, specifically their helix II region, as a crucial intracellular target for a diverse array of **cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)**. **Understan…
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Cross-sectional study investigates dietary and nutritional factors linked to Early Childhood Caries using NHANES data
This cross-sectional study analyzed 2009-2014 NHANES data to explore the relationship between nutrition, diet, and **Early Childhood Caries** prevalence in children.
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Calcium-based antimicrobial peptide lotion (HBL) enters randomized trial for mild atopic dermatitis
Without specific findings, the direct implications for peptide users or clinicians remain to be determined. However, the investigation of **HBL body lotion**, which contains **calcium-based antimicrobial peptide compo…
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Botulinum Toxin A alleviates LL-37-induced rosacea-like inflammation in mice, suppressing inflammatory and neurovascular pathways.
This study provides crucial mechanistic insights into how **Botulinum Toxin A** might alleviate **rosacea** symptoms, moving beyond its known neuromuscular blocking effects. For individuals with rosacea, this suggests…
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Combined Nonoxynol-9 and LL-37 synergistically boosts spermicidal activity while reducing irritation
This research presents a significant step towards a more effective and safer barrier contraceptive. **Combining Nonoxynol-9 with LL-37 could lead to spermicidal formulations with superior efficacy and reduced local ir…
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Nisin and LL-37 dual-coated dermal matrix eradicates polymicrobial biofilms and modulates inflammation in wound models
This study introduces a **promising dual-action strategy for managing clinical infections and eradicating biofilms in chronic wounds**, addressing both microbial burden and inflammation simultaneously. By integrating …
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Dietary Inactivated Microbial Cells and Sargassum sp. Modulate Shrimp Immunity via Transcriptomic Pathways
This research highlights a **sustainable and eco-friendly strategy for disease prevention in shrimp aquaculture**, moving away from antibiotics. Understanding the transcriptomic changes induced by **inactivated microb…
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Protegrin-1-Based Dual-Expression Plasmid Achieves Prokaryotic and Mammalian System Compatibility
A novel Protegrin-1-based plasmid enables direct gene expression in both prokaryotic and mammalian cells, offering DNA recombination efficiency comparable to CcdB.
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Human umbilical cord MSC-derived exosomes potently inhibit *Clostridium perfringens* growth via Hsp70 binding
The discovery that human umbilical cord MSC-derived exosomes can potently inhibit *Clostridium perfringens* offers a **novel, non-antibiotic strategy for combating bacterial infections**, particularly relevant in the …
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Functionalized polysaccharides emerge as a strategy to combat biofilm-driven gynecological infections and enhance tissue repair
<b>Developing functionalized polysaccharides offers a transformative approach to women's health</b>, addressing the dual challenge of persistent gynecological infections and the need for regenerative therapies. By pre…
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AI and Nanodelivery Systems Engineer Host-Defense Peptides to Overcome Biofilms and Antimicrobial Resistance
This review highlights a paradigm shift in antimicrobial development, suggesting that the future of combating **AMR** and **biofilms** lies in the intelligent design and targeted delivery of **host-defense peptides**.…
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Review details advances in mucosal vaccine adjuvants and next-generation delivery strategies for enhanced immunity
This review underscores the critical need for mucosal vaccines to provide comprehensive protection against pathogens at their primary entry points. **Developing effective mucosal vaccines could significantly reduce in…
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Soluble Dietary Fiber from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced intestinal injury in mice
**Identifying natural compounds like Soluble Dietary Fiber (SDF) from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua offers a promising, potentially safer alternative to conventional therapies for intestinal injury**, especially in contex…
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Immunologic factors critically orchestrate endometrial receptivity for successful embryo implantation, challenging traditional hormonal views
Understanding the profound role of immunologic factors in **endometrial receptivity** fundamentally shifts the paradigm for addressing **infertility** and **implantation failure** in ART. **This knowledge opens new av…
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Microbial Dysbiosis Drives Photodermatoses Pathogenesis, Revealing Novel Intervention Strategies
Understanding the critical role of **microbial dysbiosis** in **photodermatoses** opens new avenues for therapeutic intervention beyond traditional UV protection and symptomatic relief. **Targeting the skin microbiome…
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Perilla frutescens-derived vesicles and postbiotics synergistically restore skin barrier, reduce inflammation, and rebalance redox in atopic dermatitis.
This research introduces a promising, multi-faceted approach for **atopic dermatitis** that goes beyond symptomatic relief by targeting underlying mechanisms. **The synergistic action of Perilla frutescens-derived eff…
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Review decodes *Klebsiella pneumoniae* manipulation of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis for sepsis therapy.
This review explores how *Klebsiella pneumoniae* manipulates host cell death pathways like pyroptosis to evade immunity, driving sepsis and informing host-directed therapies.
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Review highlights *E. coli*'s context-dependent shift from gut symbiont to **Inflammatory Bowel Disease** pathogen
This review fundamentally shifts the understanding of *E. coli* in **Inflammatory Bowel Disease** (IBD) from a simple commensal to a conditional pathobiont, offering new avenues for therapeutic intervention. **Targeti…
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IL-36-Driven Inflammation in Generalized Pustular Psoriasis Offers Immunological Insights for Targeted Therapy
Understanding the distinct immunological drivers, particularly **IL-36**, in **Generalized Pustular Psoriasis (GPP)** is critical for advancing therapeutic strategies beyond current standards. This insight could pave …
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Hydrogel-Based Platforms Offer Integrated Strategies for Antimicrobial Delivery and Biofilm Management in Chronic Wound Care
This review underscores the transformative potential of **hydrogel-based platforms** in addressing the critical unmet needs in chronic wound care, particularly concerning persistent infections and biofilm resistance. …
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Novel β-amino Acid Antimicrobial Peptides Developed, Exhibiting Potent Antibacterial Activity
New β-amino acid antimicrobial peptides were developed, demonstrating potent antibacterial activity and investigated for synergistic action with conventional antibiotics.
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Multifunctional Peptide AP10W Enhances Skin Wound Healing by Reprogramming Macrophages and Promoting Angiogenesis
**AP10W offers a novel, dual-action strategy for accelerating skin wound healing by targeting both immune modulation and vascularization.** For individuals with chronic wounds or impaired healing, this peptide could r…
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Protein Modifications and Quality Control Systems Emerge as Key Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease
This review underscores a critical shift in **Alzheimer's disease (AD)** research, moving away from single-target interventions towards more comprehensive strategies. For researchers and drug developers, it highlights…
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Review Synthesizes How Gut Microbiota and Probiotic Strains Modulate Systemic Immunity and Inflammatory Responses
Understanding the profound influence of **gut microbiota** and **probiotic strains** on systemic immunity offers critical insights for peptide users and biohackers focused on immune optimization. This review solidifie…
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Neutrophil NETosis-released proteases counteract LL-37 to induce SpeB virulence in *Streptococcus pyogenes*.
This research fundamentally shifts our understanding of **Streptococcus pyogenes** pathogenesis by revealing a critical feedback loop where host inflammation directly *enhances* bacterial virulence. **Targeting this p…
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LL-37 analogs and computational design strategies emerge as key tools against LPS-mediated resistance in Gram-negative pathogens
This review underscores the critical need for novel antimicrobial strategies against **Gram-negative pathogens** and positions **LL-37** analogs as a promising solution. **For peptide users and researchers, this work …
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Optimized LL-37-derived D-LL37 peptide potently disrupts Mycobacterium tuberculosis membranes, activating P-type ATPases.
This research highlights a promising new strategy for combating **drug-resistant TB** by leveraging optimized **LL-37-derived peptides**. The mechanism of membrane disruption, coupled with activation of ion transport …
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SCAP-derived conditioned medium demonstrates potent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, comparable to gentamicin.
This research identifies **SCAP-derived conditioned medium as a potent, cell-free therapeutic agent for bacterial infections**, offering a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics, especially in the face of ri…
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Cholesterol Modulates LL-37 Function in Eukaryotic-like Membranes: A Biophysical Study
Given the incomplete nature of the abstract, specific practical implications for peptide users or clinicians cannot be definitively outlined. However, a comprehensive understanding of how cholesterol influences the in…
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BTK Inhibition Significantly Reduces Bladder Pain and Inflammation in an IC/BPS Model
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ILC-Modulating Peptide Improves Gut Health in Colitis Model
This research provides compelling evidence for the therapeutic utility of selectively modulating ILC subsets to combat chronic inflammatory conditions such as IBD. The ability of ILC-Mod-1 to rebalance ILC2/ILC3 popul…
Research tools
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